Visiting the vast agave landscape in Oaxaca is akin to exploring the plateau in Bordeaux, where the concept of “terroir” in French or “terruño” in Spanish takes on a profound significance.
Oaxaca, renowned for its unparalleled biodiversity, boasts a unique landscape characterized by its high desert mountain ranges, arid, expansive plains, and picturesque river valleys. These diverse habitats have provided the perfect environment for the largest array of wild agave species globally.
Santiago Matatlan, the world capital of Mezcal, is a town where the entire community lives and breathes for this divine elixir. Every house takes pride in crafting its unique style of Mezcal or claiming to produce the best. Generations of families have dedicated their lives to the tradition of mezcaleros, preserving the art of Mezcal production.
Santiago Caballero, Saint Patron of Matatlan. Real Matlatl distilleryAlambique with Don Tacho’s engrave at Real Matlatl distillery in Santiago Matatlan Maestro Israel Pérez Santiago of Son de la luna Palenque with Montserrat Franco in Santiago Matatlan Montserrat Franco dressed in Valles centrales traditional outfit with “Son the horse” at Campo Rosal fields in Santiago MatatlanThe Blas family, Mezcaleros family and Montserrat Franco in Santiago Matatlan The Santiago brothers Rodrigo and Omar of Campo Rosal and Montserrat Franco in Santiago MatatlanRubio the horse and Montserrat Franco at the Amado’s family palenque in Santiago MatatlanMom and daughter mezcaleras, The Hernandez of Mezcal “Desde La Eternidad” at their mezcal shop and distillery in Santiago Matatlan
Origins:
Santiago Matatlán is a name derived from Nahuatl words; Matlatl, which means net, and Tlan, which means place, so Matatlán means “place near nets.” It was established in 1575, with land titles issued in 1714.
The ancient settlement of this Zapotec city, now an archaeological site that its own inhabitants buried again after the excavations as a way to safeguard the memory of their ancestors, “El Palmillo,” is located in the blood hill or “Ta Guiil Reiñ” in Zapotec.
The archaeologists led by Gary Feinman and Linda Nicholas discovered El Palmillo at the end of the 20th century. The Zapotec civilization, which flourished between 500 BC and 750 AD, built the site, which over time became an active urban center.
The Community Museum “Ta Guiil Reiñ” preserves pieces that were found at the archaeological site. This museum was inaugurated in 2012 to preserve its history, archaeology, and mezcal culture.
Cosijo shaped urns at the Community Museum “Ta Guiil Reiñ” of Santiago MatatlanDiverse pottery found at El Palmillo site in Santiago Matatlan, in permanent exhibit at the community museumMontserrat Franco at the top of the hill of blood “Ta Guiil Reiñ“ El Palmillo Santiago Matatlan One of the carved stones found at El Palmillo site The tombstone found at El Palmillo site at around 900 AD, lies at the facade of the Mendez Leon residence since 1750 in Santiago Matatlan. The original structure of the Zapotec settlement at the time of discovery by the archaeologists team.
Temple of Santiago Apóstol: A 17th-century church with a baroque, Churrigueresque-style main altar.
Santiago Apostle Temple. Photo by Israel Perez Santiago The city hall bell. Photo by Israel Perez Santiago A view from the city hall. Photo: Israel Perez Santiago From the choir of the Santiago Apostle Temple. Photography: Israel Perez Santiago
Matatlan today
Santiago Matatlan’s Mayor Juan José Mendez León, comes from a long lineage of agave farmers, distillers and leaders in the world capital of mezcal.
With a 6th generation, Juan José’s family is one of the oldest producers. His father was one of COMERCAM’s (Mezcal regulatory council) founding members, who helped establish the DO (Denomination of Origin) and the NOM (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas) in 1994, laying the foundation for the modern mezcal industry as well of helping establish Matatlan as the World Capital of Mezcal.
COMERCAM (short for Consejo Mexicano Regulador de la Calidad del Mezcal) is the Mexican Regulatory Council for Mezcal. This organization surveys the quality, authenticity, and certification of mezcal under the Denomination of Origin (DO) guidelines.
The State of Oaxaca produces more than 80% of the Mezcal within the DO of which Santiago Matatlan is responsible for almost 65%.
Santiago Matatlan’s Mayor Juan José Mendez Leon and Montserrat Franco at his 18th century family hacienda The Mendez Leon lineage started with Jose Guadalupe Leocadio Mendez who established the meson hacienda in the strategic location next to the temple.The entrance to the Mendez Leon iconic hacienda. The only residence in front of the Santiago Apostle templeMontserrat Franco in the Matatlan traditional outfit at the 18th century Mendez Leon hacienda The Tierra Matateca Band with director and agave farmer Carlos Hernandez, Mtro Israel Perez Santiago and Montserrat Franco performing at the Gran Fiesta del Mezcal Montserrat Franco at La Casa del Pulque in Matatlan. Pulque is the sap extracted and fermented from the maguey Pulquero (Agave Americana)
If you go:
Ta Guiil Reiñ Community Museum contact here for hours of operation
El Palmillo archeological site (not open to the public, independent hiking trails can be arranged)
Listen to Soy Espadin presented live at the Gran Fiesta del Mezcal of Matatlan in July 2023.
References:
Gibran Rivera: Caracterizando la producción y organización de los mezcaleros en Matatlan, México “Capital mundial del mezcal”
Javier Urcid: A Zapotec slab in Santiago Matatlan, Oaxaca.
Museo comunitario Taguil Reiñ
Interviews with:
Lic Juan José Mendez Leon, Mayor of Santiago Matatlan and producer at Mendez Leon.
Santo Domingo Yanhuitlán in the Mixtec region, one of the destinations on the Dominican Route of Oaxaca, holds special significance this year as we commemorate the 500th anniversary of the order of preachers in Mexico.
Montserrat Franco at the Santo Domingo Yanhuitlan temple and ex-convent Ex-convent of Santo Domingo Yanhuitlan
The enormous Plateresque church is roofed with lofty Gothic star vaults and lined with gilded altarpieces, including the huge main retablo by the noted XVI century Sevillian artist Andrés de la Concha.
Santo Domingo Yanhuitlan, retablo mayor The main retablo is one of the great masterpieces of Mexican artDe Concha painted in the Mannerist style of the Andalusian school, noted for its subtly mellow colors. Some of the 13 altarpieces across de temple are still in restoration process The paintings at Yanhuitlan are considered the earliest, the most complete, and the finest of De Concha’s Mexican art.The retablo of La Soledad The principal paintings have been identified as the work of Andrés de Concha, the celebrated painter, sculptor and designer from Seville who traveled to Mexico in 1568, under commission by the encomendero Gonzalo de Las CasasThe mix of colonial styles from Plateresque to Churrigueresque. A retablo still under restoration at the Santo Domingo Yanhuitlan temple
Painted stucco and stone reliefs decorate many sections of the church, whose broad underchoir is spanned by an intricately carved Moorish wooden ceiling.
Angeles Pasionarios
Among these treasures is a collection of painted wooden angels known as “Angeles Pasionarios,” belonging to the various colonial barrios of Yanhuitlan. As a tradition that has endured for centuries, the mayordomos (chiefs) of each cofradia take great honor and pride in dressing and displaying the angels during the procession.
Angeles Pasionarios de Santo Domingo Yanhuitlan Passionate angels are exhibit at the Temple’s museum during the year, dressed and carried in procession during lent.
On Good Friday these figures, adorned with wings and crowns and carrying the Instruments of the Passion, are borne in procession around the town.
Each archangel has a name of Mixtec origin, representing each of the eight neighborhoods:
Daná / Dequedaná (crazy head)
Attributes: Staff and title
Yuxacóyotl (edge of the marsh)
Attributes: Hammer
Yuyusa (riverbank)
Attributes: Spear
Xayujo / Xayuco (at the foot of the mountain)
Attributes: Crown
Ticoó (marshland)
Attributes: Cross, cincture, and radiance
Tindeé (land of thorns)
Attributes: Ladder
Ayuxi (revered flower)
Attributes: Lily
Yuxayó (reed river)
Attributes: Nails
The garments of these sculptures are safeguarded by eight Yanhuitlán families. These stewardships are passed down from generation to generation, with some records showing that they have preserved these religious objects for over 150 years.
The Pipe Organ
The magnificent pipe organ built around 1705 and is currently in use.
Built by an unknown maker, likely between1705–1725. Restored in 1996-1998 by Pascal Quoirin, overseen by the Academia Mexicana de Música Antigua para Órgano (AMMAO). It is an 8’ stationary organ, featuring a 47-note keyboard (added in 1886).
The Codex Yanhuitlán
The codex was written by its inhabitants dated 1550 to 1570, to celebrate the agreement between chiefs, religious and encomendero, the document also intended to take stock of what had in taxes and tequitl work or the community to their new rulers. The original is currently in the special collections of the José María Lafragua Historical Library of the Autonomous University of Puebla.
The Yanhuitlán Codex was made in the 16th Century in a different format: instead of using a typical folding document, it was made like an European Codex.The codex serves as a record of dynastic succession and political relationships among indigenous rulers and Spanish authorities.Codex Yanhuitlan: it is interesting how the Saints or Spanish figures appear always bigger in comparison to the natives of the land.
If you go:
Check the official INAH site for hours of operations and costs.
References:
Codice Yanhuitlan, estudio preliminar de María Teresa Sepúlveda y Herrera
Frassani, Alessia. 2013. “The Convento of Yanhuitlan and its Altarpiece: Patronage and the Making of a Colonial Iconography in 16th-century Mixteca Alta.” Colonial Latin American Review 22 (1): 67-97.
Terraciano, Kevin, 2001. The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca, Nudzahui History, 16th-18th Centuries.Stanford: Stanford University Press.
The Monastery and cloisters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux
The origin
As much as we may think this is a replica or a revival of an architectural style, this is an original Cistercian monastery and cloisters from the Order of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, built in 1133 AD in Segovia, Spain.
Stone by stone, it was transported to its current location in North Miami Beach, Florida and it is considered one of the oldest structures in the entire Western Hemisphere.
The monastery was named for the Cistercian monk Bernard of Clairvaux after his canonization in 1174, and it acted as a home to monks for the roughly 700 years to follow.
Montserrat Franco at the ancient Spanish monastery in North Miami Beach.
The Cistercian architectural style, characterized by its austere design, reflected the monastic order’s devotion to humility and strict discipline.
The purchaseof a monastery
In 1925, William Randolph Hearst purchased the Cloisters and the Monastery’s outbuildings. The structures were dismantled, packed in more than 11,000 wooden crates, numbered for identification and shipped to the United States.
The courtyard with the central well is typically found in Cistercian monastery structures.
The financial issues
Soon after the shipment arrived, Hearst’s financial problems forced most of his collection to be sold at auction. The massive crates remained in a warehouse in Brooklyn, New York, for 26 years.
Cistercian monasteries reflect the severity in the austerely impressive architecture of the more than 700 Cistercian monasteries that spread throughout Europe in the 12th century, most of them built in isolated places. Montserrat Franco walks the ancient Spanish monastery in North Miami Beach.
It took 19 months and the equivalent of nearly $20 million dollars to put the building together. In 1953 Time magazine called it “the biggest jigsaw puzzle in history.”
The repurchase and donation to South Florida
In 1964, Colonel Robert Pentland, Jr, who was a multimillionaire banker, purchased the Cloisters and presented them to the Bishop of Florida in North Miami Beach, where is home of its actual location.
The bell announces time to prayer and mass
If you go:
Please check the website for operating hours, as they may vary.
The 12th century was a period of transition between Romanesque art, characterized by massive, compartmentalized architecture with rounded arches and tunnel vaults. Montserrat Franco in Dolce & Gabbana’s Devotion collection. Cistercian churches built in the 12th century were exceedingly plain, unadorned with either figural or decorative sculpture, and usually severely elegant. Montserrat Franco at the Ancient Spanish Monastery in North Miami Beach.
References:
de Ange, Angie (2007). “Oldest Building in the West”. Orange & Blue. University of Florida: College of Journalism & Communications.
An original work by Jose Luis Guzman Wolffer filmed at the Santo Domingo Temple, UNESCO world heritage site, Oaxaca
The commemoration of five hundred years of the presence of the Order of Preachers in Mexican lands represents a moment of special significance, especially in Oaxaca.
The jubilee invites us to look back at the historical origin of the Dominican presence in the region.
The first mission to head to New Spain departed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in February 1526, arriving in Mexico City on the eve of the feast of the Apostle Saint James. With their arrival, a period of intense evangelizing activity began, culminating in the official founding of the Province of Saint James of Mexico in 1532, with its formal installation taking place on August 24, 1535. From then on, the preaching friars established communities in strategic locations such as Santo Domingo de México, Tepetlaoxtoc, Chimalhuacán Chalco, Cuernavaca, Oaxaca, and Yanhuitlán, promoting extensive missionary work, especially in the Mixtec and Zapotec regions.
Montserrat Franco and the Cecam Philharmonic at the Santo Domingo Church, Oaxaca. Photo: Mauricio Velazquez Torres Brass ensemble at the cloisters of Santo Domingo. Photo credit: Mauricio Velazquez Torres Soloists Diana Itzel Ramirez, María Reyna, Yobanca Matamoros and Montserrat Franco Montserrat Franco and María Reyna, the Mixe SopranoThe Cecam Philarmonic, the Poliphonic Choir of Oaxaca, the brass ensemble, soloists and conductors Montserrat Franco during the film of Oaxaca Sacro at the Santo Domingo temple
Oaxaca Sacro is a musical and documentary proposal that rescues the main indigenous languages of Oaxaca by incorporating their linguistic elements into an original sacred music composition, while also celebrating in 2026 the 500-year presence of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) in Mexico through their history, legacy, and religious services in Oaxaca.
Composed by José Luis Guzmán Wolffer in seven movements that have been translated from the original Latin to different languages of Oaxaca by native speakers.
Hacienda Guegorene. San Pedro Taviche, District of Ocotlan de Morelos
The Hacienda Guegorene is a historic Estate located in San Pedro Taviche, in the Ocotlán district of Oaxaca, within the Central Valleys, a region deeply tied to the Zapotec culture.
Historical background
Hacienda Guegorene dates back roughly to the late 17th or early 18th century, making it part of the colonial hacienda system that shaped much of rural Oaxaca’s agricultural economy.
The name Guegorene is believed to come from Zapotec linguistic roots, while interpretations vary locally, historians and linguists generally connect the word to Zapotec terms associated with “place of abundance” fertile agricultural land or a place where life grows, or “river of blood” because of the red color of the copal trees that surrounds the land.
The architecture reflects classic colonial hacienda design, with a central fountain and gardens, large corridors with arches, an estate chapel, surrounding agricultural lands.
Mining in the Taviche, Ocotlan areas
Mining in the Taviche area dates back to the 19th century. By the late 1800s and early 1900s, many deposits of silver and gold were already being exploited in the Taviche mining district, including areas around San Pedro and San Jerónimo Taviche.
Mines were originally operated on a small scale by local haciendas like Guegorene. Later, foreign and national companies became involved in extracting the metals. The area became known as a precious-metal district with multiple underground mines.
Mining slowed down during the Mexican Revolution (around 1910) but resumed again in the 1920s and later decades.
Montserrat Franco at the Chappel in honor to the Lady of Juquila. Hacienda Guegorene The agave fields across Hacienda Guegorene The spring water pool Breakfast at Hacienda Guegorene Four generations of Skidmore rest at the Hacienda’s chappel The kitchen with some ancient artifacts The kitchen The Chappel The arched corridors of the hacienda Several chambers are located across the hacienda complex
The chapel on the property reportedly contains a Virgin of Juquila image from 1827, showing how the estate also became integrated into the local religious and social life of the community.
The Union of Texan miners and Zapotec women
María Saturnina Jiménez García, of Zapotec descent, was the matriarch who led the operations of the hacienda alongside her Texan husband and son of Frank, the founder: Charles Henry Skidmore.
Dolores Skidmore Jiménez and Carlos Skidmore Jiménez preserved the estate and its agricultural vocation. They had eleven kids.
Today, Eduardo Muñozcano Skidmore, great-grandson of Frank, leads the comprehensive restoration of the historic center and creates the brand Quiéreme Mucho, bringing tradition into the 21st century with a sustainable vision and international outlook.
“Oaxaca remains an intact gem that will continue to remind us of our past, our ancestors, our true origins that shall never be forgotten.”
You might recognize it if you’ve seen the movie Nacho Libre, or if you’ve tasted the famous quesillo (also known as Queso Oaxaca) or its renowned “muerteadas” that the Etla Valley is famous for, which are celebrated on the eighth day after Day of the Dead.
On this post, I’ll provide you with all the information you need about the Etla Valley. It might seem confusing because there are multiple Etlas, but the entire valley holds significant historical importance. It was one of the oldest Zapotec settlements, even predating Monte Alban. In fact, the early hieroglyphic Zapotec writings were discovered at the site of San Jose El Mogote (600 BCE)
San Jose El Mogote
And we should probably start the tour here: San José Mogote was the largest and most important settlement in the Valley of Oaxaca during the Early and Middle Formative periods (ca. 1500-500 BCE) of Mesoamerican cultural development.
San José Mogote is considered to be the oldest permanent agricultural village in the Oaxaca Valley and probably the first settlement in the area to use pottery.
Some of the artifacts from the San José Mogote archaeological site may be viewed in the town of San José Mogote’s Community Museum, which is located in the El Cacique Ex-Hacienda.
Ex-Hacienda El Cacique founded in 1686, today the Museum El Diablo Enchilado, incense holder from the phase Monte Alban II Jade figure found at the site of Dan Jose El Mogote from the Monte Alban II (200 BCE) Urns representing the Lord Bat with the Cosijo deity. Montserrat Franco on top of the San Jose El Mogote pyramid Monument 3 at San Jose Mogote. The two shaded glyphs between his legs are likely his name, Earthquake 1.
Reyes Etla
You might recall that charming church and its adjacent courtyard from the Nacho Libre film. If you take a few steps behind the church, you’ll find an unexcavated ceremonial site.
A site that dates from the Monte Alban I (250-500 BC) inhabitants from Etla and pilgrims from other villages would still come to this date to venerate, make petitions and sacrifices to the sacred serpent carved stone as they ancestors did.
It was strategically located to face the four cardinal directions; a ball game and a whole village was also built around the ceremonial site; today only a few stones remains of these ancient city.
This is a true example of syncretism that colonialism couldn’t erase from the collective memory of the true owners of these lands. A church and convent was built, a different name and figure was given for worship; they would still come to make petitions to the ancient stone for a better harvest, for the health of a family member, for that family member that’s overseas.
“The Lord of las Peñitas” is celebrated on fifth Friday of lent, the people, who intuitively follow faithful atavistic way the tradition of venerating this huge rock that has life and who listens to who makes “a petition”. Legend says that the day of the creation God imprinted his footstep on the rock.
This permanence of spirituality in our time of materialism, globalization and neo-liberalism is a true human treasure; Oaxaca remains an intact gem that will continue to remind us of our past, our ancestors, our true origins that shall never be forgotten.
While visiting Reyes Etla, don’t miss the opportunity to buy and savor quesillo, the village where this delicious cheese was accidentally invented. You can find it at any local stall or the market.
Quesillo stall at the Quesillo Festival in Reyes Etla Quesillo makers during the annual Quesillo Festival Reyes Etla A view of the Etla valley and Villa of Reyes Etla Sanctuary of The Lord of the Rocks (Las Peñitas) and film location of Nacho Libre The sacred serpent stone A rock formation at the base of the hill contains a fossilized footprint, attributed in legend to God or Jesus resting there
The Village of Etla
This is center of all Etlas, known for its historic ex-convent, vibrant Wednesday market with local cheeses and tamales.
It serves as the local government for several other communities and offers a blend of Oaxacan culture, history, and natural beauty, with many nearby accommodations in the surrounding Etla valley.
Founded in the 15th century, centered around the church and former monastery of San Pedro y San Pablo.
The name means “town of the land of beans” mixing Spanish and Nahuatl. “Villa” is from Spanish and means “town”
The famous steps at the Etla market, scene where Nacho Libre walked.An herbs vendor at the Wednesday market in the Etla village Local fruits and veggies at the Etla market Produce booth at the Etla market Cafe Revolucion it is one of the staple coffee shops at the village of Etla Gourmet coffee by Cafe Revolucion located at the main plaza in the Etla village
Asuncion Etla
Muerteadas are celebrations during and after Day of the Dead in the Valleys of Etla.
Muerteadas are traditional celebrations during the “Octava” or the 8th day after Day of the Dead such as the popular one in Asunción Etla and many other villages of the Etla valley.
This muerteada is the most anticipated festivity by the entire village called Muerteada La Lallanera proudly organized by a dedicated team of “mayordomos” or community leaders.
On this night, residents dress in costumes adorned with small mirrors and bells. The mirrors are used to scare away the witches and the bells help guide the spirits in the night. The costumes are complete with masks that represent important muerteada figures such as the devil, the dead, the old, the priests and more characters.
Accompanied by various brass bands, they meander through the neighborhood, going from house to house, welcoming the spirits to come out. The festivity turns into an all-night parade that ends around sunrise.
It’s remarkable how many brass bands there are in the entire valley. As Oaxaca is indeed a land of accomplished musicians, certain areas like the Etla Valley are so prolific that they turn these festivities into a truly “battle of the bands.” You have to experience it yourself: the vibrant musicians of a 25-piece band playing together, five to six different bands facing each other, no scripts, no director, just the talent.
Oaxaca is renowned for its unique natural dyes, such as cochineal, which was once considered currency and used by cardinals in their capes and the monarchy. Another notable dye is añil, the famous indigo blue used by Levi’s. These pigments were integral to the textile industry. However, when small textile operations and natural dye production were replaced by massive operations in the East, all these factories were forced to close.
The Fabrica de Hilados y Tejidos La Soledad, established in 1883 in the quaint community of San Agustín Etla, was abandoned less than a century after its inception because of the arrival of chemical produced dyes and mass produced textiles.
Center for the Art (CaSa) San Agustin Etla todayThe old factory was transformed into a n art center by visionary artist Francisco ToledoThe Church of San Agustin, San Agustin Etla Fabrica de Hilados y Tejidos La Soledad, today San Agustin Arts Center (CaSa) One of the temporary exhibitions at CaSa showcasing clay pottery artisan Macrina of Mujeres del Barro Rojo San Agustin Arts Center (CaSa) They house spaces for interpretative visual art installations and learning.
In 2000, Francisco Toledo, one of the most resilient and prolific Oaxaca visual artists originally from Juchitan, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, initiated a project to transform the dilapidated building into an ecological arts center. This endeavor culminated in the opening of the San Agustin Arts Center (CaSA) in 2006. Today, the complex is adorned with water features, gardens, and remnants of abandoned industrial machinery.
It’s important to acknowledge Francisco Toledo’s legacy and contributions to the preservation of handmade art. He established the recycled paper factory in San Agustin Etla, where artistic paper is crafted from recycled agave byproducts, flowers, plants, maize, beans, and natural dyes. This unique process results in one-of-a-kind artworks including labels for Mezcal brands that want to put the sustainable mark.
References:
Evans, Susan T. (2004). Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN0-500-28440-7
Tras los pasos de los dominicos [Following the footsteps of the Dominicans]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 17, 2006.
Following sell-out runs in Paris, Rome, and Milan, From the Heart to the Hands: Dolce & Gabbana debuts its first US exhibition at Miami Design District’s Institute of Contemporary Arts ( ICA), from February 6th through June 14th, 2026.
Curated by Florence Müller, the exhibit is a walkthrough of Italian history, design, and art in the vision and journey of iconic designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana.
If you go, take the time to immerse yourself in the 16 theme rooms, each one of them showcasing: scent from iconic fragrances inspired by their collections; sound from the soundtrack of a movie where they dressed the cast or opera arias from the respective opera they got involved in design.
Why the Miami exhibit is so special
New rooms have been added to the Miami exhibit such as Rome, eternal beauty and in the heart of Ancient Rome.
The exhibit is not only for fashionistas, it is for whoever appreciates and values art and history, and most of all “Il fatto a mano,” the artistry and craftsmanship of the “handmade,” which is Italy’s pride and legacy reflected in centuries of civilizations that have passed.
“Dolce & Gabbana pay tribute to the differentiating factor between industrial production and haute couture: handcraft”
And the first room takes us to the art of handmade, here will be able to see techniques that have been recreated from the original sources in Sicily, Campania, Puglia, Sardinia, Toscana, Rome or Milan, such as the tubular embroidery, a lured mesh cape entirely embroidered with silk satin, which was first presented at the Alta Moda Venezia, the San Marco Collection 2021-2022 or the fur appliqué for Alta Moda Firenze 2020-2021.
Other meticulous and artistic techniques to admire in this room are cross-stitch, embroidery with fur, thread embroidery, appliqués, crochet, cutwork, jeweled embroidery.
Don’t miss the art by Anh Duong across the room and the unique jewelry displayed across the sidewalks.
Alta Sartoria Milano Collection 2020 Illusion tulle corset dress embroidered with cross-stitch. Milano Opera 2020Texture effect embroidering for the Alberobello collection 2023-2024Alta Sartoria Marzamemi collection 2022-2023 capes entirely embroidered with crystals, pearls and seed beads
Architectural and pictorial is the next room where we can imagine the architecture and decorations of palaces and churches in different periods, from the Middle Ages to the renaissance, from the baroque to the neoclassical, continuos sources of inspiration for Domenico & Stefano.
Alta moda Milano Rinascimento Collection SS 2019 georgette dress entirely embroidered with sequins.Alta Gioielleria. Pendant necklace in yellow and white gold, multi-colored gem stones and diamonds. Alta Moda Milano Rinascimento collection SS 2019 From the heart to the hands Dolce & Gabbana at ICA Miami
Dream of Diviniy, descending from their lofty thrones, the queens of antiquity and mythology step in the catwalks of Alta Moda.
Divine Mosaics in this room, note the displays of the replica of the temple of Concordia in Agrigento, this masterpiece of Hellenistic art is the only temple in Doric style capable of rivaling the Parthenon in Athens.
“The power God has given us to attract through beauty and the fragility inherent in the passage of time”
Alta Moda Agrigento Collection FW 2019-20Alta Gioelleria, necklace and earrings in gold with south sea pearls, rubies, diamonds and amethysts. The inspiration, the mosaics at the cloisters of the Monreale Cathedral in Palermo
The leopard, in 1963 Luchino Visconti won the Palme D’Or at the Cannes film festival for his film Il Gattopardo. An adaptation of the novel by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, the film is set in Sicily after the arrival of the Garibaldi.
Devotion, Inspired by Baroque art from the sanctuaries under the protection of the Sacred Heart, it continues to shine to remind us that we won’t find eternity without sacrifice. The eternal dichotomy between the human and the divine, between mysticism and penitence; the tears of Lady Mary and her divine heart.
The famous chandeliers of Barovier & Toso, Murano.Alta Moda, lace mantle embroidered with sequins, gold thread and crystals The iconic devotion bagIl Gattopardo, Montserrat Franco in Dolce & Gabbana
Sicilian Traditions, this is probably one of my favorite rooms, with the exuberant hand-painted Sicilian ceramics and horse-drawn carts.
Sicily’s ceramic tradition dates all the way back to Mycenaean times, with most popular centers in Caltagirone, Monreale and Santo Stefano.
The carretto comes from Greek times but developed into its present form in the 19th century. Families versed in the secret of this craft pass the techniques down to generations.
The most common subject depicted on the designs are the adventures of the Charlemagne and, his heroes. They are also the protagonists of the “Opera dei Pupi”, a marionette show that became popular in the early 19th century.
Alta Moda Palermo collection FW 2017-18. Dress composed of a mikado bodice enriched with decorative elements of the Sicilian cart Handcrafted ceramic tiles decorated at the Bevilacqua brothers workshop in Caltanisetta.Detail of the carretto, painted by Salvatore Sapienza The colorful room of the Sicilian traditions
White Baroque; during the rule of the Bourbon in Sicily, Giacomo Scarpetta (1656-1732) gained fame as the creator of the stucco decorations for many religious buildings in Palermo. His inventions include the “teatrini” sculpted niches whose depth and complexity accentuates the interplay of light and shadow.
The art and craft of glassworking: in this room, glass embroideries and silver garments respond with their sparkle to the mirrors of the Barbini masters of the famous chandeliers established in 1936 by the Union of two Murano glassmaking families, with roots founded in 1295.
Alta Moda Siracusa FW 2022-23Alta Moda Venezia San Marco collection FE 2021-22Alta Moda Venezia San Marco collection FW 2021-22 illusions tulle dress embroidered with lurex lace and macrame, mirrors, hand-engraved plexiglass elements
Rome’s eternal beauty, it is one of the rooms that, if you are like me, embedded in the mysticism and spiritualism of a religious education, no matter which religion you profess, it will still move your heart. This is a new addition to the Miami ICA’s exhibit, and at this point, I couldn’t stop a tear or two coming out of my eyes.
In the heart of Ancient Rome, in this sumptuous room, divine inspiration takes form in a compelling tribute to Ancient Rome, the goddesses celebrating the intrinsic divinity of the human dressed in Dolce & Gabbana.
Detail of the cardinal gloves. Rome eternal beauty Rome, eternal beauty Detail of the bishop’s cape. Rome eternal beauty In the heart of Ancient Rome, the new addition to the exhibition as seen in the Miami’s ICA
Anatomy of tailoring, the corset is one of the foremost emblems in the history of Dolce & Gabbana. It is a modern homage to the 18th and 19th centuries, the provocative 1950’s.
The art of Sardinia, the ancient filigree making in Sardinia, practiced on the island since Phoenician times and later, developed by the Arabs and the Spanish.
The voluminous white and black coats, and blouses recall the “mastruca” the traditional clothes of Sardinian shepherds.
Anatomy of tailoring Alta Moda Nora collection FW 2024-25 Alta Moda Nora collection FW 2024-25. Detail of filigree Alta Moda Nora collection FW 2024-25 illusion tulle coat entirely embroidered with lurex brocades, organza and tubed-shaped chiffon.
Ateliers, ornaments and volumes: the ateliers are the vital generative force, the beating heart of Alta Moda. Experience live techniques interpreted by various couturiers at the workshop. Furniture and accessories brought from their Milan workshops to Miami.
In the heart of Milan, the dress in particular symbolizes something very dear to Domenico and Dolce, Milan. This dress in gold macrame lace and gold filigree jewelry, was envisioned as an homage to the city.
Opera, in the world of Dolce & Gabbana, theater and real life closely mingle in a mutual celebration of beauty. Whether Tosha, Aida or Norma, these female heroins, strong and fragile at the same time, symbolize the feminine ideal of the two couturiers.
The collage technique transposes images from nature or art, history onto the surface of a garment Sketches from the Sicilian Baroque collection In the hear of Milan Milano Opera collection SS 2020 Alta Moda Milano Teatro Collection SS 2016Alta Moda Milano Opera Collection SS 2020
Source: “From the heart to the hands Dolce & Gabbana” edited by Florence Müller. Rizzoli 2024
Oaxaca’s carnivals are among the most picturesque and diverse in Mesoamerica, celebrated between February and March before Lent.
They feature colorful parades, music, and unique characters like the “cachudos” of Santa María Coyotepec, the “diablos pintos” of Santa Catarina Minas, and the devils of Santiago Juxtlahuaca.
Santa Catarina Minas carnivals
Some of the most iconic carnivals include:
Putleco Carnival (Putla Villa de Guerrero): Famous for its “tiliches”, characters covered in colorful rags dancing nonstop.
San Martín Tilcajete: Features oiled-up “diablitos” roaming the streets with bells.
Villa de Zaachila: Devils and decorated eggs filled with flour are thrown at young women as a courtship gesture. The tradition of devils and love eggs in Zaachila is a vibrant expression of Zapotec culture. On Fat Tuesday, groups dress up as devils with papier-mâché masks, ringing bells to signal the last day for “carnal” or bad deeds before Lent. The Devils and Love Eggs Devils carry decorated eggshells filled with baby powder or flour and confetti, breaking them on single ladies’ heads as a sign of interest. These “love eggs” are displayed on embroidered handkerchiefs with love declarations, adding a romantic touch. Zaachila, the last Zapotec Empire capital, preserves traditions like mask-making, feather art, and embroidery.
Santa Catarina Minas: The story goes that in ancient times, they celebrated “Carnestolendas” on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, as a way to “cast out their demons” and give death to carnal desires. It was also the last day to eat meat before Ash Wednesday, when they’d go to receive ashes and observe Lent. What are the “diablos pintos” The “pintos” were people who painted their bodies and faces with natural pigments like tizate, apasle, palm, cuernamentas, and animal hides. They’d go out to scare the landowners and rebel, revealing their anger and indignation without being recognized, as their faces were covered or painted. The tradition They’d go to the hills to gather these natural pigments and then descend to frighten the authorities, expressing their inner “demons” and purifying themselves before Lent. This ancient tradition was a form of catharsis, releasing tensions and negative emotions before the reflective period of Lent. It’s fascinating to see how these ancient traditions influence today’s Carnival celebrations in Oaxaca and beyond.
Montserrat Franco and a female Tiliche in Ocotlan de Morelos carnival The Santa Catarina Minas Carnival The Devil of Juxtlahuaca The Devil of Juxtlahuaca Zaachila’s zancudos Montserrat Franco and Cachudos of Santa Maria Coyotepec
Others include San Bartolo Coyotepec, San Juan Bautista la Raya, Ocotlan de Morelos, Magdalena Teitipac, and San Bartolomé Quialana.
Montserrat Franco in Juquila’s traditional outfit with the Devil of Santiago Juxtlahuaca. Photo credit: Mayin López Decorated eggs filled with flour at Zaachila’s carnivals Zancudos of Zaachila Montserrat Franco with “pintos” dot painting in Santa Catarina Mina’s carnival. Photo credit: Sinuhé Gerardo Montserrat Franco wearing a paper mache mask from Zaachila A devil in Zaachila A family during Zaachila’s carnival
The city of Coral Gables was developed by George Merrick with the conception of “The Beautiful City” an architectural movement from the late 1800’s and early 1900’s that includes the “Beaux-Arts” style characteristic to many buildings not only in Coral Gables but also can be seen in Downtown Miami.
Merrick a visioner himself created unique villages in to the City, on a plan that only Walt Disney could conceive; Merrick was determined to make this town beautiful.
One of the typical scenes in Coral Gables, a fountain built on the coral rock (limestone) bringing reminiscences of an ancient Spanish village.
The Villages
I invite you to take a closer look to the villages and admire the architecture, the gardens, the arched gates and feel like you have travelled around the globe in less than a day.
The Italian Village: Stroll on Montserrat, Palmarito and Altara Avenues, the homes here will transport you to the Villas of the 17th century in Italy. Frank Wyatt Woods designed them in 1926.
The French Villages: Conceived after 18th century French country farm houses and chateaux; these villages are located on the 500 to 1000 block of Hardee Road.
French Normandy Village: Did you notice when driving on traffic on LeJeune Road the particular houses by the 400 block of Vizcaya Ave? These are the 15th century homes found in England and France; constructed here in the 1930’s.
Pioneer Village: When driving or walking around Santa Maria Street by the Golf Course of The Biltmore Hotel; take a look at the Colonial Village with tall pillars, white picket fences, two story porticoes.
Chinese Village: The colorful Chinese compound style residences were designed in 1926 and you can see them on the 5100 blocks of Riviera Drive, Menendez, Castania, Maggiore and Sansovino Avenues.
Dutch South African Village: Designed by Palm Beach Architect Marion Syms Wyeth, these L and U shaped farmhouses resemble the homes of the wealthy Dutch colonists and you can see them on LeJeune Road and Riviera Drive, Maya Street.
The predominant architectural lines in Coral Gables are the 1920’s Mediterranean Revival Style and The Spanish Renaissance often confused with the 1930’s Art Deco because of the timeline between styles.
Montserrat Franco in Coral Gables, wearing a dress from the Dolce Gabbana Teatro dei Pupi (Theatre of marionettes) collection
The Gates of Coral Gables
George Merrick also envisioned eight different entrances to Coral Gables inspired in Spanish hill towns; only four were completed. You may drive by almost everyday around these gates but take a pause and look around a piece of history on your very own town.
The Douglas entrance (on Douglas and 8th Street) also called “La Puerta del Sol” is one of the most elaborated built between 1925 and 1927. It is registered on the National Registry of Historic Places.
A view of the building connected to the gate “Puerta del Sol”
Montserrat Franco in Coral Gables (Puerta del Sol entrance) wearing a Dolce Gabbana dress and sunglasses from the Sicilian Baroque collection
The Granada Entrance: Located at Granada Blvd and SW 8th st built on coral rock (limestone). The arch spans Granada Blvd which is a historic roadway.
The Granada entrance
Montserrat Franco at the Granada walls in a Dolce Gabbana dress from the Byzantine collection
The Prado entrance: Located at the NW corner of the City of Coral Gables at S.W. 8th Street and S.W. 57th Avenue (Red Road). For years the Country Club Prado Arch has been a setting for photography, specially wedding, engagement, etc.
The Alhambra Entrance: Located at S.W. 37 Avenue (Douglas Road), Majorca Avenue and Alhambra Circle. The Alhambra entry arch is also known as the commercial entry to Coral Gables, as Alhambra Circle leads to the central business district and Miracle Mile.
So much to explore in Coral Gables that you may want to come back for more, a long walk around charming homes with clustered buganvilias on limestone walls; unexpected fountains; spanish coats of arms on pillars and immense banyan trees to get the feeling of that Mediterranean getaway not so far away from home.
A Land of diversity, Cultural Heritage declared by Unesco, a destination like no other
Montserrat Franco
Oaxaca is not like any other part of Mexico; Oaxaca is a country of its own and that is reflected in the pride of 16 different linguistic groups and 26 sub-linguistic groups in their distinctive 8 regions.
The diversity in the culinary and mezcal is impressive counting the different terroirs, soils and elevations as well as the historic taste of each community: Cañada or Sugar cane fields (home of interesting Agricole rums and Oaxacan whiskey), Coast (excellent fish and sea food), Isthmus (most of the representative Tehuana and Muxe cultures, the famous Iguana soup and other delicacies), Mixteca(famous for their corn), Papaloapan (border with Veracruz, famous for their coffee and cacao), Northern Highlands, Southern Highlands, Central Valleys (where you will be mostly touring and will have all the diversity of agaves for the mezcal production).
Some recommendations:
· Most places, especially markets, taxis, stores, artisan shops, only accept cash in Oaxaca, credit cards only at fine dining restaurants and mixology bars. Always have Mexican pesos and if you need to, check with your bank which bank partners have no foreign commissions on transactions. Remember that US dollars are very low now and change is at around 16.28. You can exchange at the airport upon arrival and at the historic center at the exchange shops, just check the rates first.
· There’s no Uber in Oaxaca but there’s an app call Didi that you can download and place your credit card, it connects to yellow taxis and the rates are lower than negotiating with taxis on the street, I recommend to set the app to “Pay with cash” because when the driver sees that you are paying with CC on file, he can just cancel your trip because it takes longer for them to get paid.
· Always take a yellow cab; if you see a red or blue cab, those are called independent or “foraneos taxis” and connect closest cities but they are not allowed to enter inside the city center of Oaxaca, you may end up your trip far from your hotel if you take one of those taxis, paying the same rate.
· Getting around with taxis in Oaxaca can be a pain because they can technically charge you anything; always ask first how much the ride will be from your place to a place you go and agree to it.
· Tips are voluntary and servers always ask if you want to leave tips. US nationals are always the most generous but servers are not used to more than 10 or 15% gratuity.
· Always wear comfortable shoes, you walk a lot in Oaxaca
· Always wear sunscreen, hats, sunglasses, sun is pretty strong
· Keep yourself hydrated, never drink water from the faucet, not even to brush your teeth, use bottled water.
· Have some repellent, there are mosquitoes in the villages and there’s dengue going on right now.
· Oaxaca is pretty safe but avoid walking on dark streets during late hours (midnight and up) at the historic center. If you exit from a Mezcaleria try to always go on main streets; you will see the lively scene but always keep an eye on your back and surroundings.
· In any situation enjoy everything that Oaxaca has to offer: the gastronomy, the mezcal, the craft and the lively scenery because every day in Oaxaca is a celebration; you will see most of these “calendas” or processions with dancers, giant props “monos”, globes “marmotas”, live marching bands and all of that is just part of their daily lives and is free for the public to see it and enjoy around the main streets of the Santo Domingo Temple. If you just walk around there or have a coffee or drink at a rooftop nearby Santo Domingo at around 5 to 7 pm each afternoon; you will experience it, most-likely is wedding or a Quinceanera (Sweet 15 celebrated in Oaxaca) depending of the date it is also a celebration of a Saint Patron (they have so many all year long)
The Santo Domingo Temple is the center of the everything that happens around the city of OaxacaMezcal service and cocktail offering at Casa Oaxaca
Culinary etiquette and must tries in Oaxaca:
Memelas: Handmade white corn patties made of “masa” they are always made to order in the comal (kind of like a hot clay grill) once cooked, the memelas (thicker than regular tortillas) are brushed with “asiento” (pork lard) placed again in the comal, they add “frijoles” (beans puree) “quesillo” cheese (often called “Oaxaca Cheese” but the correct name is “Quesillo”) those are the basic ingredients but you can add toppers such as: meats “tasajo” (a thin slice of beef) “Cecina” (a thin slice of marinated in chiles beef). Memelas are usually taken for breakfast with “café de olla” (if you are an espresso person, you may not like it as it is diluted with water; coffee cooked on a clay pot with spices such as cinnamon, cloves and it is already sweeten with “piloncillo” (unrefined cane sugar paste)
Memelas and salsitas service at Ancestral restaurant in Xochimilco
Tlayudas: These are white or blue corn patties made by hand and then pressed to make them very thin; cooked at the comal and then left to dry. They can remain edible for a long time in airtight containers. Some foodies describe them as the Oaxacan pizza, the tlayudas are something so traditional of Oaxaca that you can’t leave without trying them. Once the thin patties are ready and crispy, they are placed at the comal and “asiento” is added (if you are vegan or for religious reasons you could ask them to make it without asiento or with a vegan base asiento (most established restaurants can accommodate), then the frijoles, then quesillo (the main ingredient in the tlayuda) avocado slices, you have a choice of Cecina or tasajo and is accompanied with roasted green onions and radish.
Salsa verde and salsa roja: These salsitas are always present to accompany any dish, the green sometimes can be very spicy as it is made with habanero, the red can be a mix of mild chiles, some restaurants make these salsas in front of you and you can choose the salts you want and level of spiciness.
A traditional Oaxacan platter with meat, grilled cheese, guacamole, chiles, pork, sausage, bean, salsa roja and totopos (corn chips)
Chapulines: the roasted and seasoned crickets are the signature topping for any dish in Oaxaca. They contain more protein than a slice of beef. You can find them in all sizes and can eat them as a snack, on top of guacamole they taste fantastic, with salty peanuts and nuts. They are also grinded and made into salts.
A vendor stand at the Merced market with an assortment of chapulines salt and other favor “botanas” (appetisers)
Sal de Gusano: the worm that is around the maguey (agave) is soaking the agave SAP and is rich in flavor; it is collected and let to dry, then roasted and ground with spices to be converted into salt. It is served along with orange slices, green apples or jicama after a sip of mezcal but is preferred to have just the mezcal without any of that and use the gusano salt mostly as a rim for cocktails.
Mole: there are 7 different types of Mole in Oaxaca as opposed to Puebla where there is only 1. The competition has always been there as to who makes the best mole, but the reality is that each family in each region of Oaxaca has a signature recipe and their traditional mole for each occasion. On my recommendations there are some moles to taste in restaurants but you can also taste some at the mercados or towns nearby and see the difference.
Chocolate: in Oaxaca they will offer you for breakfast even before coffee a Chocolate de agua (basically a non dairy hot chocolate) and a Chocolate con leche (a hot chocolate on hot milk) the beverage is very rich in flavor and already has lots of added sugar, vanilla and roasted almonds. The basic chocolate paste is made on the metate (an ancient stone grinder). On my recommendations you can also visit a traditional Chocolate factory at one of the mercados where you can see the process, now made in metal grinders, is still very old fashioned. The most important thing about the chocolate they serve you is that they will use a green or red clay jar and a molinillo (some kind of a wooden wisp) to make the bubbles right in front of you. If it doesn’t make bubbles, the hot chocolate is not perfectly served.
The famous Oaxacan Chocolate served in a clay jarrito at La Merced Market
Tejate: an ancient drink that had ceremonial purposes in the past. It is very refreshing and you will see it in the streets served from giant clay containers on “jicaras” hand painted gourd vessels, you can also ask for a plastic container to go.
Pan de Yema or Pan Dulce: an egg, water, flour and pulque (fermented agave SAP) yeast, some bread makers now use baker’s yeast. They will always serve you this bread (that is the original recipe for the Pan de Muertos) with a chocolate beverage or coffee. The Pan dulce will have some variations on shape and the crusty top (also called “conchas” in other parts of Mexico).
Pan de yema and pan dulce served with chocolate and orange juice at La Merced market
Barbacoa: best barbacoas you will find at the village’s markets; the most popular barbacoas are the ones of the village of Zaachila which was the last capital of the Zapotec empire and about 40 minutes from the center of Oaxaca or in the Tlacolula market (about 40 minutes from Oaxaca’s city center) Barbacoa can be of sheep, goat or cow but most popular and rich in flavor are the first two. Beef is first marinated with spices and then cooked in an underground oven, a mezcal bottle is placed next to it as a blessing. You can also experience and see the “destapada” when they open the oven and serve you a copita (tiny glass) of warm mezcal to open the appetite before having the barbacoa for breakfast or lunch. Usually it is the meal/brunch on Sundays. At markets it is served with a generous dish of soup from the barbacoa itself and large tortillas with all the toppings to make your own barbacoa tacos.
Aguas Frescas: at any restaurants or markets the aguas frescas are always available and since this is pure fruit juice, you have all the variety that the tropical and sub-tropical region has to offer.
Nieves: These are Oaxacan sorbets, made with real fruit, water or milk in the old fashioned way (wooden tanks) . They have great flavor. Some of the best nieves are at La OaxaqueñaPlaza de la Danza, on the same plaza of La Soledad Church, this is great area to have a seat and enjoy the sunset or after a meal, have some nieves and listen to the marimba (steel drum) players that are always there.
Mezcal: the pride and joy of Oaxaca is Mezcal, I have recommendations on the next posts of some of my favorite mezcal routes and mezcalerias as each region has a signature mezcal making and agave diversity as well as each region’s microclimate, water and terroir will influence on the final product. What used to be a drink of the community made in small batches for that special occasion is today a fashionable spirit praised by bartenders around the world and loved by millennials. Today is the fastest growing spirit category.
